Coconut: Natural Source of Potential Anti Cancer Agent
Keywords:
coconut products, anti cancer agent, drug development
Abstract
The current strategy of drug development is time consuming and expensive. This contrasts sharply with the vision of affordable drug development. The costly and the lengthy paradigm of drug discoveries are major obstacles for combating with rapidly emerging and sporadic diseases. The dichotomy between the urgent requirement of affordable treatment development and the hindrance it faces is apparent in several recent literatures which reflects the importance of drug repurposing and development of botanical drugs. Consistent with this idea, past few decades of studies on Cocos nucifera has yielded a fair knowledge about the anticancer potential of coconut products. The aggregate knowledge is undeniably positive and offers the novel avenues for the therapeutics and affordable drug development. This article highlights the link between coconut products and its anticancer effects.
References
Casati S, Ottria R, Baldoli E, Lopez E, Maier JA, Ciuffreda P. Effects of cytokinins, cytokinin ribosides and their analogs on the viability of normal and neoplastic human cells. Anticancer Res. 2011 Oct; 31(10):3401-6.
Casati S, Ottria R, Baldoli E, Lopez E, Maier JA, Ciuffreda P. Effects of cytokinins, cytokinin ribosides and their analogs on the viability of normal and neoplastic human cells. Anticancer Res. 2011 Oct; 31(10):3401-6.
Chai JW, Kuppusamy UR, Kanthimathi MS. Beta-sitosterol induces apoptosis in MCF-7 cells. Malays J Biochem Molecular Bio. 2008; 16:28-30.
Chen FM, Wang JY, Sun LC, Juang RF, Huang TJ, Hsieh JS. Efficacy of medium-chain triglycerides compared with long-chain triglycerides in total parenteral nutrition in patients with digestive tract cancer undergoing surgery. Kaohsiung J Med Sci. 2005 Nov; 21(11):487-94.
Cohen LA, Thompson DO, Maeura Y, Weisburger JH. Influence of dietary medium-chain triglycerides on the development of N-methylnitrosourea-induced rat mammary tumors. Cancer Res. 1984 Nov; 44(11):5023-8.
Cohen LA, Thompson DO. The influence of dietary medium chain triglycerides on rat mammary tumor development. Lipids. 1987 Jun; 22(6):455-61.
Craig-Schmidt M, White MT, Teer P, Johnson J, Lane HW. Menhaden, coconut, and corn oils and mammary tumor incidence in BALB/c virgin female mice treated with DMBA. Nutr Cancer. 1993; 20(2):99-106.
Cullingford TE. The ketogenic diet; fatty acids, fatty acid-activated receptors and neurological disorders. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2004 Mar; 70(3):253-64.
Cullingford, T. E. (2004). The ketogenic diet; fatty acids, fatty acid activated receptors and neurological disorders. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids, 70, 253–264.
Dudzik P, Dulińska-Litewka J, Wyszko E, Jędrychowska P, Opałka M, Barciszewski J, Laidler P. Effects of kinetin riboside on proliferation and proapoptotic activities in human normal and cancer cell lines. J Cell Biochem. 2011 Aug; 112(8):2115-24.
Dvořák Z, Starha P, Trávníček Z. Evaluation of in vitro cytotoxicity of 6-benzylaminopurine carboplatin derivatives against human cancer cell lines and primary human hepatocytes. Toxicol In Vitro. 2011 Apr; 25(3):652-6.
Ge L, Yong JW, Tan SN, Yang XH, Ong ES. Analysis of some cytokinins in coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) water by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography after solid-phase extraction. J Chromatogr A. 2004 Sep 3; 1048(1):119-26.
Ge L, Yong JW, Tan SN, Yang XH, Ong ES. Analysis of some cytokinins in coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) water by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography after solid-phase extraction. J Chromatogr A. 2004 Sep 3; 1048(1):119-26.
Griffaut B, Bos R, Maurizis JC, Madelmont JC, Ledoigt G. Cytotoxic effects of kinetin riboside on mouse, human and plant tumour cells. Int J Biol Macromol. 2004 Aug; 34(4):271-5.
Grudzien P, Lo S, Albain KS, Robinson P, Rajan P, Strack PR, Golde TE, Miele L, Foreman KE. Inhibition of Notch signaling reduces the stem-like population of breast cancer cells and prevents mammosphere formation. Anticancer Res. 2010 Oct; 30(10):3853-67.
Hanahan D, Weinberg RA. Hallmarks of cancer: the next generation. Cell. 2011 Mar 4; 144(5):646-74.
Hims MM, Ibrahim EC, Leyne M, Mull J, Liu L, Lazaro C, Shetty RS, Gill S, Gusella JF, Reed R, Slaugenhaupt SA. Therapeutic potential and mechanism of kinetin as a treatment for the human splicing disease familial dysautonomia. J Mol Med (Berl). 2007 Feb; 85(2):149-61.
Jung HA, Islam MN, Lee CM, Oh SH, Lee S, Jung JH, Choi JS. Kinetics and molecular docking studies of an anti-diabetic complication inhibitor fucosterol from edible brown algae Eisenia bicyclis and Ecklonia stolonifera. Chem Biol Interact. 2013 Oct 25; 206(1):55-62.
Kim S, Lee J, Jung E, Lee J, Huh S, Hwang H, Kim Y, Park D. 6-Benzylaminopurine stimulates melanogenesis via cAMP-independent activation of protein kinase A. Arch Dermatol Res. 2009 Mar; 301(3):253-8.
Kimoto Y, Tanji Y, Taguchi T, Sugimoto T, Watanabe T, Tsukamoto F, Kim S, Yoneda K, Takamura Y, Izukura M, Shiba E, Takai S. Antitumor effect of medium-chain triglyceride and its influence on the self-defense system of the body. Cancer Detect Prev. 1998; 22(3):219-24.
Klement RJ, Champ CE. Calories, carbohydrates, and cancer therapy with radiation: exploiting the five R's through dietary manipulation. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2014 Mar; 33(1):217-29.
Laezza C, Caruso MG, Gentile T, Notarnicola M, Malfitano AM, Di Matola T, Messa C, Gazzerro P, Bifulco M. N6-isopentenyladenosine inhibits cell proliferation and induces apoptosis in a human colon cancer cell line DLD1. Int J Cancer. 2009 Mar 15; 124(6):1322-9.
Laezza C, Malfitano AM, Di Matola T, Ricchi P, Bifulco M. Involvement of Akt/NF-κB pathway in N6-isopentenyladenosine-induced apoptosis in human breast cancer cells. Mol Carcinog. 2010 Oct; 49(10):892-901.
Lim Sylianco C.Y., Anticarcinogenic effects of coconut oil. Phillip. J. Coconut Studies, 1987 12 (2) 89-102. 65. Cohen L. A., Thompson D. O., Maeura, Choi K., Blank M. E., Rose D. P., Dietary fat and mammary cancer.
Manayi A, Saeidnia S, Ostad SN, Hadjiakhoondi A, Ardekani MR, Vazirian M, Akhtar Y, Khanavi M. Chemical constituents and cytotoxic effect of the main compounds of Lythrum salicaria L. Z Naturforsch C. 2013 Sep-Oct; 68(9-10):367-75.
Moon HJ, Finney J, Xu L, Moore D, Welch DR, Mure M. MCF-7 cells expressing nuclear associated lysyl oxidase-like 2 (LOXL2) exhibit an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) phenotype and are highly invasive in vitro. J Biol Chem. 2013 Oct 18; 288(42):30000-8.
Naito A, Suzuki A, Ueda S, Nomoto H, Toriyama-Baba H, Asamoto M, Tsuda H. Preferential mammary carcinogenic effects of 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo [4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) in human c-Ha-ras proto-oncogene transgenic rats. Cancer Sci. 2004 May; 95(5):399-403.
Otto C, Kaemmerer U, Illert B, Muehling B, Pfetzer N, Wittig R, Voelker HU, Thiede A, Coy JF. Growth of human gastric cancer cells in nude mice is delayed by a ketogenic diet supplemented with omega-3 fatty acids and medium-chain triglycerides. BMC Cancer. 2008 Apr 30; 8: 122.
Park C, Moon DO, Rhu CH, Choi BT, Lee WH, Kim GY, Choi YH. β-sitosterol induces antiproliferation and apoptosis in human leukemic U937 cells through activation of caspase-3 and induction of Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. Biol Pharm Bull. 2007; 30:1317-23.
Plentz R, Park JS, Rhim AD, Abravanel D, Hezel AF, Sharma SV, Gurumurthy S, Deshpande V, Kenific C, Settleman J, Majumder PK, Stanger BZ, Bardeesy N. Inhibition of gamma-secretase activity inhibits tumor progression in a mouse model of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Gastroenterology. 2009 May; 136(5):1741-9.e6.
Prabhu S, Dennison SR, Mura M, Lea RW, Snape TJ, Harris F. Cn-AMP2 from green coconut water is an anionic anticancer peptide. J Pept Sci. 2014 Dec; 20(12):909-15.
Promoting effects of different dietary fats on N-nitrosomethylureainduced rat mammary tumorigenesis. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 1986 77 (1) 33- 42.
Pros E, Fernández-Rodríguez J, Benito L, Ravella A, Capellá G, Blanco I, Serra E, Lázaro C. Modulation of aberrant NF1 pre-mRNA splicing by kinetin treatment. Eur J Hum Genet. 2010 May; 18(5):614-7.
Rajabi M, Signorelli P, Gorincioi E, Ghidoni R, Santaniello E. Antiproliferative activity of N6-isopentenyladenosine on MCF-7 breast cancer cells: cell cycle analysis and DNA-binding study. DNA Cell Biol. 2010 Nov; 29(11):687-91.
Reddy BS, Maeura Y. Tumor promotion by dietary fat in azoxymethane-induced colon carcinogenesis in female F344 rats: influence of amount and source of dietary fat. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1984 Mar; 72(3):745-50.
Saeidnia S, Manayi A, Ahmad R. Gohari1 A. R., Abdollahi M. The Story of Beta-sitosterol- A Review. European Journal of Medicinal Plants, 4(5): 590-609, 2014.
Sengupta S, Peterson TR, Laplante M, Oh S, Sabatini DM. mTORC1 controls fasting-induced ketogenesis and its modulation by ageing. Nature. 2010 Dec 23; 468(7327):1100-4.
Song W, Jin R, Liu J. Studies on the chemical constituents of stems of Erycibe schmidtii Craib [J]. China journal of Chinese materia medica, 1997, 22(6): 359-360.
Spitali P, Aartsma-Rus A. Splice modulating therapies for human disease. Cell. 2012 Mar 16; 148(6):1085-8.
Stafford P, Abdelwahab MG, Kim do Y, Preul MC, Rho JM, Scheck AC. The ketogenic diet reverses gene expression patterns and reduces reactive oxygen species levels when used as an adjuvant therapy for glioma. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2010 Sep 10; 7:74.
Tan, S.N.; Yong, J.W.H.; Ge, L. Analyses of Phytohormones in Coconut (Cocos Nucifera L.) Water Using Capillary Electrophoresis-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Chromatography 2014, 1, 211-226.
Tisdale MJ, Brennan RA. A comparison of long-chain triglycerides and medium-chain triglycerides on weight loss and tumour size in a cachexia model. Br J Cancer. 1988 Nov; 58(5):580-3.
Casati S, Ottria R, Baldoli E, Lopez E, Maier JA, Ciuffreda P. Effects of cytokinins, cytokinin ribosides and their analogs on the viability of normal and neoplastic human cells. Anticancer Res. 2011 Oct; 31(10):3401-6.
Chai JW, Kuppusamy UR, Kanthimathi MS. Beta-sitosterol induces apoptosis in MCF-7 cells. Malays J Biochem Molecular Bio. 2008; 16:28-30.
Chen FM, Wang JY, Sun LC, Juang RF, Huang TJ, Hsieh JS. Efficacy of medium-chain triglycerides compared with long-chain triglycerides in total parenteral nutrition in patients with digestive tract cancer undergoing surgery. Kaohsiung J Med Sci. 2005 Nov; 21(11):487-94.
Cohen LA, Thompson DO, Maeura Y, Weisburger JH. Influence of dietary medium-chain triglycerides on the development of N-methylnitrosourea-induced rat mammary tumors. Cancer Res. 1984 Nov; 44(11):5023-8.
Cohen LA, Thompson DO. The influence of dietary medium chain triglycerides on rat mammary tumor development. Lipids. 1987 Jun; 22(6):455-61.
Craig-Schmidt M, White MT, Teer P, Johnson J, Lane HW. Menhaden, coconut, and corn oils and mammary tumor incidence in BALB/c virgin female mice treated with DMBA. Nutr Cancer. 1993; 20(2):99-106.
Cullingford TE. The ketogenic diet; fatty acids, fatty acid-activated receptors and neurological disorders. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2004 Mar; 70(3):253-64.
Cullingford, T. E. (2004). The ketogenic diet; fatty acids, fatty acid activated receptors and neurological disorders. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids, 70, 253–264.
Dudzik P, Dulińska-Litewka J, Wyszko E, Jędrychowska P, Opałka M, Barciszewski J, Laidler P. Effects of kinetin riboside on proliferation and proapoptotic activities in human normal and cancer cell lines. J Cell Biochem. 2011 Aug; 112(8):2115-24.
Dvořák Z, Starha P, Trávníček Z. Evaluation of in vitro cytotoxicity of 6-benzylaminopurine carboplatin derivatives against human cancer cell lines and primary human hepatocytes. Toxicol In Vitro. 2011 Apr; 25(3):652-6.
Ge L, Yong JW, Tan SN, Yang XH, Ong ES. Analysis of some cytokinins in coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) water by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography after solid-phase extraction. J Chromatogr A. 2004 Sep 3; 1048(1):119-26.
Ge L, Yong JW, Tan SN, Yang XH, Ong ES. Analysis of some cytokinins in coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) water by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography after solid-phase extraction. J Chromatogr A. 2004 Sep 3; 1048(1):119-26.
Griffaut B, Bos R, Maurizis JC, Madelmont JC, Ledoigt G. Cytotoxic effects of kinetin riboside on mouse, human and plant tumour cells. Int J Biol Macromol. 2004 Aug; 34(4):271-5.
Grudzien P, Lo S, Albain KS, Robinson P, Rajan P, Strack PR, Golde TE, Miele L, Foreman KE. Inhibition of Notch signaling reduces the stem-like population of breast cancer cells and prevents mammosphere formation. Anticancer Res. 2010 Oct; 30(10):3853-67.
Hanahan D, Weinberg RA. Hallmarks of cancer: the next generation. Cell. 2011 Mar 4; 144(5):646-74.
Hims MM, Ibrahim EC, Leyne M, Mull J, Liu L, Lazaro C, Shetty RS, Gill S, Gusella JF, Reed R, Slaugenhaupt SA. Therapeutic potential and mechanism of kinetin as a treatment for the human splicing disease familial dysautonomia. J Mol Med (Berl). 2007 Feb; 85(2):149-61.
Jung HA, Islam MN, Lee CM, Oh SH, Lee S, Jung JH, Choi JS. Kinetics and molecular docking studies of an anti-diabetic complication inhibitor fucosterol from edible brown algae Eisenia bicyclis and Ecklonia stolonifera. Chem Biol Interact. 2013 Oct 25; 206(1):55-62.
Kim S, Lee J, Jung E, Lee J, Huh S, Hwang H, Kim Y, Park D. 6-Benzylaminopurine stimulates melanogenesis via cAMP-independent activation of protein kinase A. Arch Dermatol Res. 2009 Mar; 301(3):253-8.
Kimoto Y, Tanji Y, Taguchi T, Sugimoto T, Watanabe T, Tsukamoto F, Kim S, Yoneda K, Takamura Y, Izukura M, Shiba E, Takai S. Antitumor effect of medium-chain triglyceride and its influence on the self-defense system of the body. Cancer Detect Prev. 1998; 22(3):219-24.
Klement RJ, Champ CE. Calories, carbohydrates, and cancer therapy with radiation: exploiting the five R's through dietary manipulation. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2014 Mar; 33(1):217-29.
Laezza C, Caruso MG, Gentile T, Notarnicola M, Malfitano AM, Di Matola T, Messa C, Gazzerro P, Bifulco M. N6-isopentenyladenosine inhibits cell proliferation and induces apoptosis in a human colon cancer cell line DLD1. Int J Cancer. 2009 Mar 15; 124(6):1322-9.
Laezza C, Malfitano AM, Di Matola T, Ricchi P, Bifulco M. Involvement of Akt/NF-κB pathway in N6-isopentenyladenosine-induced apoptosis in human breast cancer cells. Mol Carcinog. 2010 Oct; 49(10):892-901.
Lim Sylianco C.Y., Anticarcinogenic effects of coconut oil. Phillip. J. Coconut Studies, 1987 12 (2) 89-102. 65. Cohen L. A., Thompson D. O., Maeura, Choi K., Blank M. E., Rose D. P., Dietary fat and mammary cancer.
Manayi A, Saeidnia S, Ostad SN, Hadjiakhoondi A, Ardekani MR, Vazirian M, Akhtar Y, Khanavi M. Chemical constituents and cytotoxic effect of the main compounds of Lythrum salicaria L. Z Naturforsch C. 2013 Sep-Oct; 68(9-10):367-75.
Moon HJ, Finney J, Xu L, Moore D, Welch DR, Mure M. MCF-7 cells expressing nuclear associated lysyl oxidase-like 2 (LOXL2) exhibit an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) phenotype and are highly invasive in vitro. J Biol Chem. 2013 Oct 18; 288(42):30000-8.
Naito A, Suzuki A, Ueda S, Nomoto H, Toriyama-Baba H, Asamoto M, Tsuda H. Preferential mammary carcinogenic effects of 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo [4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) in human c-Ha-ras proto-oncogene transgenic rats. Cancer Sci. 2004 May; 95(5):399-403.
Otto C, Kaemmerer U, Illert B, Muehling B, Pfetzer N, Wittig R, Voelker HU, Thiede A, Coy JF. Growth of human gastric cancer cells in nude mice is delayed by a ketogenic diet supplemented with omega-3 fatty acids and medium-chain triglycerides. BMC Cancer. 2008 Apr 30; 8: 122.
Park C, Moon DO, Rhu CH, Choi BT, Lee WH, Kim GY, Choi YH. β-sitosterol induces antiproliferation and apoptosis in human leukemic U937 cells through activation of caspase-3 and induction of Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. Biol Pharm Bull. 2007; 30:1317-23.
Plentz R, Park JS, Rhim AD, Abravanel D, Hezel AF, Sharma SV, Gurumurthy S, Deshpande V, Kenific C, Settleman J, Majumder PK, Stanger BZ, Bardeesy N. Inhibition of gamma-secretase activity inhibits tumor progression in a mouse model of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Gastroenterology. 2009 May; 136(5):1741-9.e6.
Prabhu S, Dennison SR, Mura M, Lea RW, Snape TJ, Harris F. Cn-AMP2 from green coconut water is an anionic anticancer peptide. J Pept Sci. 2014 Dec; 20(12):909-15.
Promoting effects of different dietary fats on N-nitrosomethylureainduced rat mammary tumorigenesis. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 1986 77 (1) 33- 42.
Pros E, Fernández-Rodríguez J, Benito L, Ravella A, Capellá G, Blanco I, Serra E, Lázaro C. Modulation of aberrant NF1 pre-mRNA splicing by kinetin treatment. Eur J Hum Genet. 2010 May; 18(5):614-7.
Rajabi M, Signorelli P, Gorincioi E, Ghidoni R, Santaniello E. Antiproliferative activity of N6-isopentenyladenosine on MCF-7 breast cancer cells: cell cycle analysis and DNA-binding study. DNA Cell Biol. 2010 Nov; 29(11):687-91.
Reddy BS, Maeura Y. Tumor promotion by dietary fat in azoxymethane-induced colon carcinogenesis in female F344 rats: influence of amount and source of dietary fat. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1984 Mar; 72(3):745-50.
Saeidnia S, Manayi A, Ahmad R. Gohari1 A. R., Abdollahi M. The Story of Beta-sitosterol- A Review. European Journal of Medicinal Plants, 4(5): 590-609, 2014.
Sengupta S, Peterson TR, Laplante M, Oh S, Sabatini DM. mTORC1 controls fasting-induced ketogenesis and its modulation by ageing. Nature. 2010 Dec 23; 468(7327):1100-4.
Song W, Jin R, Liu J. Studies on the chemical constituents of stems of Erycibe schmidtii Craib [J]. China journal of Chinese materia medica, 1997, 22(6): 359-360.
Spitali P, Aartsma-Rus A. Splice modulating therapies for human disease. Cell. 2012 Mar 16; 148(6):1085-8.
Stafford P, Abdelwahab MG, Kim do Y, Preul MC, Rho JM, Scheck AC. The ketogenic diet reverses gene expression patterns and reduces reactive oxygen species levels when used as an adjuvant therapy for glioma. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2010 Sep 10; 7:74.
Tan, S.N.; Yong, J.W.H.; Ge, L. Analyses of Phytohormones in Coconut (Cocos Nucifera L.) Water Using Capillary Electrophoresis-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Chromatography 2014, 1, 211-226.
Tisdale MJ, Brennan RA. A comparison of long-chain triglycerides and medium-chain triglycerides on weight loss and tumour size in a cachexia model. Br J Cancer. 1988 Nov; 58(5):580-3.
Published
2016-04-01
How to Cite
Dr. Amit Ghosh. (2016). Coconut: Natural Source of Potential Anti Cancer Agent. CORD, 32(1), 9. https://doi.org/10.37833/cord.v32i1.45
Section
Articles
