Improving the Availability of Valuable Coconut Germplasm using Tissue Culture Techniques

  • Steve Adkins
Keywords: Coconut, Cryopreservation, Embryo culture, Germplasm conservation, Somatic embryogenesis

Abstract

Coconut cultivation faces a number of acute problems that reduce its productivity and competitiveness. These problems include various biotic and abiotic challenges as well as an unstable market for its traditional oil-based products. Around 10 million small-holder farmers cultivate coconut palms worldwide on c. 12 million hectares of land, and many more people own a few coconut palms that contribute to their livelihoods. Inefficiency in the production and supply of appropriate seedlings for replanting a generally ageing resource remains an issue, especially where there is uncertainty about the ability of local populations to resist potential disease threats. However, tissue culture in such cases is expected to provide pragmatic solutions. Over the past 60 years much research has been directed towards developing and improving protocols for (i) embryo culture; (ii) clonal propagation via somatic embryogenesis and (iii) germplasm conservation via cryopreservation. Recent advances have provided new ways to improve these protocols, especially cryopreservation. Although effective embryo culture and cryopreservation are now possible, the low efficiency of conversion of somatic embryos to ex vitro seedlings still restrains the large-scale clonal propagation of coconut. Although tissue culture in coconut has developed over the recent decades, further improvement of protocols and their application to a wider range of germplasm will boost their adoption for the breeding, conservation and propagation of coconut.

Author Biography

Steve Adkins

Professor in Plant Physiology, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences (SAFS), Centre for Plant Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Brisbane, Australia

References

Adkins SW, Samosir YMS (2002) Embryo culture activities at the University of Queensland. In: Engelmann F, Batugal P, Oliver L (eds) Coconut embryo in vitro culture: Part II. Merida, Mexico, pp 163-168
Adkins SW, Samosir YMS, Ernawati A, Godwin ID, Drew RA (1998) Control of ethylene and use of polyamines can optimise the conditions for somatic embryogenesis in coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) and papaya (Carica papaya L.). In: Drew RA (ed) Proceedings of the international symposium of biotechnology in tropical and subtropical species. Brisbane, Australia, pp 459-466
Andrade-Torres A, Oropeza C, Sáenz L, González-Estrada T, Ramírez-Benítez J, Becerril K, Chan J, Rodríguez-Zapata L (2011) Transient genetic transformation of embryogenic callus of Cocos nucifera. Biologia 66:790-800. doi:10.2478/s11756-011-0104-4
Antonova ID (2009) Somatic embryogenesis for micropropagation of coconut (Cocos nucifera L.). PhD Thesis, The University of Queensland, Australia,
Ashburner GR, Thompson WK, Burch JM (1993) Effect of alpha-naphthaleneacetic acid and sucrose levels on the development of cultured embryos of coconut. Plant Cell Tiss Org 35:157-163
Bajaj YPS (1984) Induction of growth in frozen embryos of coconut and ovules of citrus. Curr Sci 53 (22):1215-1216
Basu A, Sethi U, Guhamukherjee S (1988) Induction of cell division in leaf cells of coconut palm by alteration of pH and its correlation with glyoxalase-I activity. J Exp Bot 39:1735-1742. doi:10.1093/jxb/ 39.12.1735
Batugal P, Bourdeix R, Baudouin L (2009) Coconut breeding. In: Jain SM, Priyadarshan PM (eds) Breeding plantation tree crops: tropical species. Springer, New York, pp 327-375. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-71201-7_10
Bhallasarin N, Bagga S, Sopory SK, Guhamukherjee S (1986) Induction and differentiation of callus from embryos of Cocos nucifera L. by IAA-conjugates. Plant cell reports 5:322-324
Blake J, Hornung R (1995) Somatic embryogenesis in coconut (Cocos nucifera L.). In: Jain S, Gupta P, Newton R (eds) Somatic embryogenesis in woody plants. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp 327-349
Branton RL, Blake J (1983) Development of organized structures in callus derived from explants of Cocos nucifera L. Ann Bot 52:673-678
Chakraborty M, Mitra A (2008) The antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of the methanolic extract from Cocos nucifera mesocarp. Food Chem 107:994-999. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.08.083
Chan JL, Saenz L, Talavera C, Hornung R (1998) Regeneration of coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) from plumule explants through somatic embryogenesis. Plant cell reports 17:515-521
Chin HF, Krishnapillay B, Hor YL (1989) A note on the cryopreservation of embryos from young coconuts (Cocos nucifera var. Mawa). Pertanika 12 (2):183-186
Cordova I, Jones P, Harrison NA, Oropeza C (2003) In situ PCR detection of phytoplasma DNA in embryos from coconut palms with lethal yellowing disease. Mol Plant Pathol 4:99-108. doi:10.1046/j.1364-3703.2003.00152.x
Cutter VM, Jr., Wilson KS (1954) Effect of coconut endosperm and other growth stimulants upon the development in vitro of embryos of Cocos nucifera. Bot Gaz 115:234-240. doi:10.2307/2472513
De Guzman EV, Del Rosario DA (1964) The growth and development of Cocos nucifera L. makapuno embryo in vitro. The Philippine Agriculturist 48:82-94
Eeuwens CJ (1976) Mineral requirements for growth and callus initiation of tissue explants excised from mature coconut palms (Cocos nucifera) and cultured in vitro. Physiol Plant 36:23-28
Eeuwens CJ, Blake J (1977) Culture of coconut and date palm tissue with a view to vegetative propagation. Acta Hort 78:277-286
FAOSTAT (2013) Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations - World coconut harvested areas in 2013 http://faostat.fao.org/site/567/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=567 - ancor. Accessed 22/11/2014
Fernando SC, Gamage CKA (2000) Abscisic acid induced somatic embryogenesis in immature embryo explants of coconut (Cocos nucifera L.). Plant Sci 151:193-198. doi:10.1016/S0168-9452(99)00218-6
Fernando SC, Verdeil JL, Hocher V, Weerakoon LK, Hirimburegama K (2003) Histological analysis of plant regeneration from plumule explants of Cocos nucifera. Plant Cell Tiss Org 72:281-283. doi:10.1023/ A:1022345011002
Fernando SC, Vidhanaarachchi VRM, Weerakoon LK, Santha ES (2010) What makes clonal propagation of coconut difficult? AsPac J Mol Biol Biotechnol 18:163-165
Foale M (2003) The coconut odyssey: the bounteous possibilities of the tree of life. ACIAR Monography No. 101. Canberra
Fuentes G, Talavera C, Desjardins Y, Santamaria JM (2005) High irradiance can minimize the negative effect of exogenous sucrose on photosynthetic capacity of in vitro grown coconut plantlets. Biol Plant 49:7-15
Gamborg OL, Miller RA, Ojima K (1968) Nutrient requirements of suspension cultures of soybean root cells. Exp Cell Res 50:151-158. doi:10.1016/0014-4827(68)90403-5
Gupta PK, Kendurkar SV, Kulkarni VM, Shirgurkar MV, Mascarenhas AF (1984) Somatic embryogenesis and plants from zygotic embryos of coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) in vitro. Plant cell reports 3:222-225
Harrison NA, Jones P (2003) Diseases of coconut. Diseases of tropical fruit crops. CABI Publishing, 44 Brattle Street, 4th Floor, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA. doi:10.1079/9780851993904.0197
Karunaratne S, Periyapperuma K (1989) Culture of immature embryos of coconut, Cocos nucifera L.: callus proliferation and somatic embryogenesis. Plant Sci 62:247-253
Koschek PR, Alviano DS, Alviano CS, Gattass CR (2007) The husk fiber of Cocos nucifera L. (Palmae) is a source of anti-neoplastic activity. Brazilian J Med Biol Res 40:1339-1343. doi:10.1590/s0100-879x2006005000153
Lee RF (2013) Cadang-cadang disease of palm and other diseases. Phytopathol 103:177-177
Lim TK (2012) Cocos nucifera. In: Lim TK (ed) Edible medicinal and non-medicinal plants. Springer-Verlag Berlin, Berlin, pp 301-334. doi:10.1007/978-90-481-8661-7_45
Lopez-Villalobos A (2002) Roles of lipids in coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) embryogenesis. University of London,
López-Villalobos A, Dodds PF, Hornung R (2001) Changes in fatty acid composition during development of tissues of coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) embryos in the intact nut and in vitro. J Exp Bot 52:933-942
López-Villalobos A, Dodds PF, Hornung R (2011) Lauric acid improves the growth of zygotic coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) embryos in vitro. Plant Cell Tiss Org 106:317-327. doi:10.1007/s11240-011-9924-8
López-Villalobos A, Hornung R, Dodds PF (2004) Hydrophobic metabolites of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) in cultured coconut tissue. Phytochem 65:2763-2774. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem. 2004.08.034
Marina AM, Man YBC, Nazimah SAH, Amin I (2009) Antioxidant capacity and phenolic acids of virgin coconut oil. Int J Food Sci Nutr 60:114-123. doi:10.1080/ 09637480802549127
Morel G, Wetmore RH (1951) Fern callus tissue culture. Am J Bot 38:141-143. doi:10.2307/2437837
Murashige T, Skoog F (1962) A revised medium for rapid growth and bio assays with tobacco tissue cultures. Physiol Plant 15:473-497. doi:10.1111/j.1399-3054. 1962.tb08052.x
N'Nan O, Hocher V, Verdeil JL, Konan JL, Ballo K, Mondeil F, Malaurie B (2008) Cryopreservation by encapsulation-dehydration of plumules of coconut (Cocos nucifera L.). CryoLett 29:339-350
Pan MJ, van Staden J (1998) The use of charcoal in in vitro culture - a review. Plant Growth Regul 26:155-163. doi:10.1023/a: 1006119015972
Pannetier C, Buffard-Morel J Production of somatic embryos from leaf tissues of coconut, Cocos nucifera L. In: Proceedings of the 5th International Plant Tissue Culture Congress, Tokyo, Japan, 1982.
Pech y Aké AE, Maust B, Orozco-Segovia A, Oropeza C (2007) The effect of gibberellic acid on the in vitro germination of coconut zygotic embryos and their conversion into plantlets. In Vitro Cell Dev Plant 43:247-253
Pech y Aké AE, Souza R, Maust B, Santamaría JM, Oropeza C (2004) Enhanced aerobic respiration improves in vitro coconut embryo germination and culture. In Vitro Cell Dev Plant 40:90-94. doi:10.1079/ivp2003480
Perera L, Perera SACN, Bandaranayake CK, Harries HC (2009a) Coconut. In: Vollmann J, Rajcan I (eds) Oil Crops, vol 4. Springer, New York, pp 369-396. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-77594-4_12
Perera PIP, Perera L, Hocher V, Verdeil JL, Yakandawala DM, Weerakoon LK (2008) Use of SSR markers to determine the anther-derived homozygous lines in coconut. Plant cell reports 27:1697-1703. doi:10.1007/s00299-008-0592-z
Perera PIP, Vidhanaarachchi VRM, Gunathilake TR, Yakandawala DMD, Hocher V, Verdeil JL, Weerakoon LK (2009b) Effect of plant growth regulators on ovary culture of coconut (Cocos nucifera L.). Plant Cell Tiss Org 99:73-81. doi:10.1007/s11240-009-9577-z
Pérez-Núñez MT, Chan JL, Sáenz L, González T, Verdeil JL, Oropeza C (2006) Improved somatic embryogenesis from Cocos nucifera (L.) plumule explants. In Vitro Cell Dev Plant 42:37-43. doi:10.1079/ivp2005722
Reinert J (1959) Über die kontrolle der morphogenese und die induktion von adventivembryonen an gewebekulturen aus karotten. Planta 53 (4):318-333. doi: 10.1007/BF01881795
Rethinam P (2006) Asian and Pacific coconut community activities, achievements and future outlook. ACIAR Proceedings Series 125:15-21
Rillo EP (1998) PCA's embryo culture technique in the mass production of Makapuno coconuts. In: Batugal PA, Engelmann F (eds) Coconut embryo in vitro culture: Part I. Proceedings of the first workshop on embryo culture, Banao, Guinobatan, Albay, Philippines, 27-31 October 1997. International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI), Rome, pp 69-78
Rillo EP, Paloma MBF (1991) Storage and transport of zygotic embryos of Cocos nucifera L. for in vitro culture. Plant Genet Resources Newslett 86:1-4
Ross IA (2005) Cocos nucifera L. In: Ross IA (ed) Medicinal Plants of the World, Vol 3. Humana Press, pp 117-154. doi:10.1007/ 978-1-59259-887-8_3
Sáenz L, Herrera-Herrera G, Uicab-Ballote F, Chan JL, Oropeza C (2009) Influence of form of activated charcoal on embryogenic callus formation in coconut (Cocos nucifera). Plant Cell Tiss Org 100:301-308. doi:10.1007/s11240-009-9651-6
Sajini KK, Karun A, Amarnath CH, Engelmann F (2011) Cryopreservation of coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) zygotic embryos by vitrification. CryoLett 32:317-328
Samosir YMS (1999) Optimisation of somatic embryogenesis in coconut (Cocos nucifera L.). PhD Thesis, The University of Queensland, Australia,
Samosir YMS, Adkins SW (2004) Embryo transplantation and ex vitro germination for germplasm exchange and the production of high value, endosperm mutant coconuts. In: Peiris TSG, Ranasinghe CS (eds) Proceedings of the International Conference of the Coconut Research Institute of Sri Lanka: Part II. The Coconut Research Institute Institute of Sri Lanka, Lunuwila, Sri Lanka, pp 92-102
Samosir YMS, Adkins SW (2014) Improving acclimatization through the photoautotrophic culture of coconut (Cocos nucifera) seedlings: an in vitro system for the efficient exchange of germplasm. In Vitro Cell Dev Plant 50:493-501. doi:10.1007/s11627-014-9599-z
Samosir YMS, Godwin ID, Adkins SW (1998) An improved protocol for somatic embryogenesis in coconut (Cocos nucifera L.). In: Drew RA (ed) Proceedings of the International Symposium of Biotechnology in Tropical and Subtropical Species, vol 461. Brisbane, Australia, pp 467-475
Samosir YMS, Godwin ID, Adkins SW (1999) The use of osmotically active agents and abscisic acid can optimise the maturation of coconut somatic embryos. In: Oropeza C (ed) Current Advances in Coconut Biotechnology. CAB International, UK, pp 341-354
Sisunandar, Novarianto H, Mashud N, Samosir YMS, Adkins SW (2014) Embryo maturity plays an important role for the successful cryopreservation of coconut (Cocos nucifera). In Vitro Cell Dev Plant 50:688-695. doi:10.1007/s11627-014-9633-1
Sisunandar, Rival A, Turquay P, Samosir Y, Adkins SW (2010a) Cryopreservation of coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) zygotic embryos does not induce morphological, cytological or molecular changes in recovered seedlings. Planta 232:435-447. doi:10.1007/s00425-010-1186-x
Sisunandar, Sopade PA, Samosir YM, Rival A, Adkins SW (2010b) Dehydration improves cryopreservation of coconut (Cocos nucifera L.). Cryobiol 61:289-296. doi:10.1016/j.cryobiol.2010.09.007
Sisunandar, Sopade PA, Samosir YMS, Rival A, Adkins SW (2012) Conservation of coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) germplasm at sub-zero temperature. CryoLett 33:465-475
Steinmacher DA, Guerra MP, Saare-Surminski K, Lieberei R (2011) A temporary immersion system improves in vitro regeneration of peach palm through secondary somatic embryogenesis. Annals of Botany 108 (8):1463-1475. doi:10.1093/aob/mcr033
Steward FC, Marion OM, Mears K (1958) Growth and organized development of cultured cells. II. Organization in cultures grown from freely suspended cells. Am J Bot 45 (10):705-708. doi:10.2307/ 2439728
Talavera C, Contreras F, Espadas F, Fuentes G, Santamaría JM (2005) Cultivating in vitro coconut palms (Cocos nucifera) under glasshouse conditions with natural light, improves in vitro photosynthesis nursery survival and growth. Plant Cell Tiss Org 83:287-292. doi:10.1007/s11240-005-7052-z
Teixeira JB, Sondahl MR, Nakamura T, Kirby EG (1995) Establishment of oil palm cell suspensions and plant regeneration. Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture 40 (2):105-111. doi:10.1007/bf00037662
Thanh-Tuyen NT, De Guzman EV (1983) Formation of pollen embryos in cultured anthers of coconut (Cocos nucifera L.). Plant Sci Lett 29:81-88
Tisserat B, Vandercook CE (1985) Development of an automated plant culture system. Plant Cell Tiss Org 5:107-117. doi:10.1007/ bf00040307
Triques K, Rival A, Beule T, Dussert S, Hocher V (1997) Developmental changes in carboxylase activities in in vitro cultured coconut zygotic embryos: comparison with corresponding activities in seedlings. Plant Cell Tiss Org 49:227-231
Triques K, Rival A, Beule T, Morcillo F, Hocher V, Verdeil JL, Hamon S (1998) Changes in photosynthetic parameters during in vitro growth and subsequent acclimatization of coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) zygotic embryos. In: Drew RA (ed) Proceedings of the international sympodium of biotechnology in tropical and subtropical species, vol 461. Acta Hort. (ISHS), pp 275-284
Verdeil JL, Hocher V, Huet C, Grosdemange F, Escoute J, Ferrière N, Nicole M (2001) Ultrastructural changes in coconut calli associated with the acquisition of embryogenic competence. Ann Bot 88:9-18. doi:10.1006/anbo.2001.1408
Verdeil JL, Huet C, Grosdemange F, Buffard-Morel J (1994) Plant regeneration from cultured immature inflorescences of coconut (Cocos nucifera L.): evidence for somatic embryogenesis. Plant cell reports 13:218-221
Published
2016-10-01
How to Cite
Steve Adkins. (2016). Improving the Availability of Valuable Coconut Germplasm using Tissue Culture Techniques. CORD, 32(2), 10. https://doi.org/10.37833/cord.v32i2.33
Section
Articles