COCONUT EMBRYO CULTURE: PRESENT STATUS AND FUTURE THRUST
Keywords:
Coconut Embryo Culture, Plant Genetic Materials
Abstract
The safe movement of plant genetic materials has a major concern for many countries in the world. Collecting and exchange of coconut germplasm is difficult and not economic because of the bulkiness of the seed. Moreover, due to short dormancy, the seeds germinate rapidly and thus cannot be stored for more time in a germplasm expedition. Phytosanitary restrictions too severely limit the germplasm introduction. Standardization of embryo culture technique provides an easy and safe alternative for the movement of coconut germplasm and is emphasized in the technical guidelines of FAO/IPGRI (Diekmann, 1997). In vitro culture protocols for coconut zygotic embryos have been established by various coconut research institutes in Cote d’Ivoire, France, India, the Philippines and Sri Lanka (Engelmann, 1998). An embryo culture protocol broadly consisted of at least five components, viz., field collection of embryos, in vitro active storage, in vitro retrieval, ex vitro establishment of plantlets and finally the field establishment. A detailed description of each of these components together with a comparison among different embryo culture protocols developed at various laboratories, applications made for coconut germplasm collection and development required in the future are provided here.
References
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ASHBURNER, G.R.; THOMPSON, W, K. & BRUCH, J.M. 1993. Effect of naphthalene acetic acid and sucrose levels on the development of cultured embryos coconut. Plant Cell Tissue, and Organ Culture, 35:157-163
ASHBURNER, G.R.; THOMPSON, W, K 1994, Coconut embryo culture for the international transfer of germplasm. In: Advances in coconut research and development (Eds. Nair, M K; Khan, H H; Gopalasundarum P; RAO, EVVB) Oxford and IBH Publishers, New Delhi, 43-49
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ASSY-BAH, B; DURAND-GASSELIN J & PANNETIER C 1987. Use of zygotic embryo culture to collect germplasm of coconut (cocos nucifera L) FAO/IBPGRI Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter 71. 4-10
ASSY-BAH, B & ENGELMANN F 1993. Medium-term conservation of mature embryos of coconut. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, 33 19-24
BAJAJ, Y P S 1984, Induction of growth in frozen embryos of coconut and ovules of citrus. Current Science. 53. 1215-1216
BALAGA, H Y & DE GUZMAN, E V 1971. The growth and development of coconut Makapuno embryos in vitro. II Increased root incidence and growth in response to media composition and to sequential culture from liquid to solid medium. The Philippines Agriculturist, 55. 551-565.
CPCRI 1995, Annual report 1994-95 CPCRI, Kasaragod, India
De GUZMAN, E V 1970. The growth and development of coconut Makapuno embryo in vitro. The induction of rooting, Phil. Agric. 53 (2) 65-78
DE GUZMAN, E V; DEL ROSARIO, A G & EUSEBIO, E C .1971. The growth and development of coconut Makapuno embryo in vitro III. Resumption of root growth in high sugar media; The Phil. Agric. 53, 566-579.
DEL ROSARIO, A G 1998. Status of research on coconut embryo culture and acclimatization techniques in UPLB. In: Coconut Embryo In Vitro Culture. (Eds. P A Batugal and Engelmann, F) IPGRI, APO Serdang, 12-16.
DEL ROSARIO, A G; DE GUZMAN, E V; 1976. The growth of coconut Makapuno embryos in vitro as affected by mineral composition and sugar level of medium during the liquid and solid cultures. Phil. Journal Science. 105. 215-222.
DEL ROSARIO, A G; DE GUZMAN, E V; 1981. The status of tissue culture in Philippines. In: Proceedings of COSTED Symposium, Tissue Culture of Economically Important Plants (Ed. Rao, E N) COSTED/ANBS, Singapore, 292-294
DIEKMANN, M 1997. The use of biotechnology for the safe movement of coconut germplasms. Paper presented at International Symposium on Coconut Biotechnology Merida, December 1-5 1997. 30
EEUWENS, C J 1976. Mineral requirements for growth and callus initiation of tissue explants excised from mature tissues in vitro. Physiolgia Plantarum 36. 23-28.
ENGELMANN, F 1997. Cryopreservation of coconut germplasms. Paper presented at International Symposium on Coconut Biotechnology held at Merida, Yuc. Mexico 1-5 December 1997 34.
ENGELMANN, F. 1998. Current state of the art and problems with in vitro culture of coconut embryos. In: Coconut embryo in vitro culture. (Eds. P A Batugal and F Engelmann) IPGRI, APO, Serdang 6-11
KARUN A; SHIVASHANKAR, S; SAJINI, KK & SAJI K V 1993. Field collection and in vitro germination of coconut embryos. J Plantation Crops 21 (Suppl) 291-294.
KARUN, A & SAJINI K K 1994a Short term storage of coconut embryos in sterile water. Current Science 67: 118-120
KARUN, A & SAJINI K K 1994b Coconut embryo culture: In vitro germination and ex vitro establishment. Paper presented at National Development in Plant Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, 29-31 Dec 1993 TNAU, Coimbatore, 23
KARUN, A & SAJINI, K K & IYER R D 1997. In vitro active conservation of coconut zygotic embryos. Journal of Plantation Crops 24 (Suppl) 586-593
KARUN, A; UPDHYAY, A & PARTHASSARATHY, VA 1998. Status of research on coconut embryo culture and acclimatization techniques in India. In: Coconut Embryo in Vitro Culture. (Eds. P A Batugal and F. Engelmann) IPGRI, APO, Serdang, 29-36.
KARUNARATNE, S 1988. Short term in vitro preservation of coconut seed material: A method to facilitate field collection and transport of coconut germplasm CORD 4, 40-47
KARUNARATNE, S, KURUKULARACHCHI, C & GAMAGE, C 1985. The culture of embryos of dwarf coconut. Cocos nucifera L. Var. Nana in vitro Cocos 3 1-8
KARUNARATNE, S; SUNIL, S & KOVOOR A 1991. An in vitro assay for drought-tolerant coconut germplasm. Euphytica. 53. 25-30
KENNEDY, M; TEMBO, S & MAREALLE, R 1998. Status of research on coconut embryo culture and acclimatization techniques in Tanzania. In: Coconut Embryo in Vitro Culture. (Eds. P A Batugal and F Engelmann) IPGRI, APO, Serdang, pp. 89-100.
KUMARAN, P M; KOSHY, P K; & KARUN, A. 1998 Germplasm exchange through embryo cultures. Proceedings of 7th Swadeshi Science Congress, 6-8 November 1997 held at CPCRI, Kasaragod, India 35-39
MOREL, G & WETMORE, R M 1951. Tissue culture of monocotyledons. Amer. J. Bot 38: 138-140
MURASHIGE, T & SKOOG, F 1962. A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue cultures. Physiol. Plant 15: 473-497
RILLO, E P 1998. PCA’s embryo culture technique in the mass production of Makapuno coconuts. In: Coconut Embryo in Vitro Culture. (Eds. P A Batugal and Engelmann, F) IPGRI, APO, Serdang, pp 69-78.
RILLO, E P & PALOMA, M B F 1989. Screening of coconut plantations for resistance to cadang-cadang using in vitro plants. Philippine Coconut Authority Annual Report 155-61.
RILLO, E P & PALOMA, M B F 1990. Comparison of three media formulations for in vitro culture of coconut embryos. Oleagineux 45(7) 319-323
RILLO, E P & PALOMA, M B F 1991 Storage and transport of zygotic embryos of Cocos nucifera L. for in vitro culture. Plant Genetics Resources Newsletter. 86 1-4
RILLO, E P & PALOMA, M B F 1992 In vitro culture of Makapuno coconut embryos. Coconuts Today. 9: 90-101
SOSSOU, J; KARUNARATNE, S & KOVOOR, A 1987. Collecting palm: In vitro explanting in the field. Plant Gen Res. News March 1987 7-18
TALAVERA, C; OROPEZA, C; CAHUE, A; COELLO, J & SANTAMARIA, J 1998. Status of research on coconut zygotic embryo culture and acclimatization techniques in Mexico. In: Coconut Embryo in Vitro Culture. (Eds. P A Batugal and F. Engelmann) IPGRI, APO, Serdang, 43-54
VERDEIL, J L; HOCHER, V; TRIQUES, K; LYAKURWA, R; RIVAL, A; DURAND-GASSELIN, T; ENGELMANN, F; SANGARE, A & HAMON, S 1998. Status of research on coconut embryo culture and acclimatization techniques in the IDEFOR (Cote d’Ivoire) and ORSTOM/CIRAD Laboratories (France) In: Coconut Embryo In Vitro Culture (Eds. P A Batugal and F Engelmann) IPGRI, APO, Serdang, 17-28
VIDHANAARACHCHI V R; WEERAKOON, L K; FERNANDO, S C; GAMAGE, C K A & SANTHA, E S 1998. Status of research on coconut embryo culture and acclimatization techniques in Sri Lanka. In: Coconut Embryo in Vitro Culture. (Eds. P A Batugal and F Engelmann) IPGRI, APO, Serdang, 85-88
ASHBURNER, G.R.; THOMPSON, W, K. & BRUCH, J.M. 1993. Effect of naphthalene acetic acid and sucrose levels on the development of cultured embryos coconut. Plant Cell Tissue, and Organ Culture, 35:157-163
ASHBURNER, G.R.; THOMPSON, W, K 1994, Coconut embryo culture for the international transfer of germplasm. In: Advances in coconut research and development (Eds. Nair, M K; Khan, H H; Gopalasundarum P; RAO, EVVB) Oxford and IBH Publishers, New Delhi, 43-49
ASHBURNER, G.R.;FAURE, M G; FRANS, P R THOMLINSON, D R; PULO, P; BUNCH, J M & THOMSON, W K 1994 Coconut embryo culture for remote locations. pp. 25-28. In: Coconut Improvement for the South-Pacific (Eds. Foale, MA and Lunch, P W) ACIAR Proceedings, No. 53
ASSY-BAH, B; DURAND-GASSELIN J & PANNETIER C 1987. Use of zygotic embryo culture to collect germplasm of coconut (cocos nucifera L) FAO/IBPGRI Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter 71. 4-10
ASSY-BAH, B & ENGELMANN F 1993. Medium-term conservation of mature embryos of coconut. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, 33 19-24
BAJAJ, Y P S 1984, Induction of growth in frozen embryos of coconut and ovules of citrus. Current Science. 53. 1215-1216
BALAGA, H Y & DE GUZMAN, E V 1971. The growth and development of coconut Makapuno embryos in vitro. II Increased root incidence and growth in response to media composition and to sequential culture from liquid to solid medium. The Philippines Agriculturist, 55. 551-565.
CPCRI 1995, Annual report 1994-95 CPCRI, Kasaragod, India
De GUZMAN, E V 1970. The growth and development of coconut Makapuno embryo in vitro. The induction of rooting, Phil. Agric. 53 (2) 65-78
DE GUZMAN, E V; DEL ROSARIO, A G & EUSEBIO, E C .1971. The growth and development of coconut Makapuno embryo in vitro III. Resumption of root growth in high sugar media; The Phil. Agric. 53, 566-579.
DEL ROSARIO, A G 1998. Status of research on coconut embryo culture and acclimatization techniques in UPLB. In: Coconut Embryo In Vitro Culture. (Eds. P A Batugal and Engelmann, F) IPGRI, APO Serdang, 12-16.
DEL ROSARIO, A G; DE GUZMAN, E V; 1976. The growth of coconut Makapuno embryos in vitro as affected by mineral composition and sugar level of medium during the liquid and solid cultures. Phil. Journal Science. 105. 215-222.
DEL ROSARIO, A G; DE GUZMAN, E V; 1981. The status of tissue culture in Philippines. In: Proceedings of COSTED Symposium, Tissue Culture of Economically Important Plants (Ed. Rao, E N) COSTED/ANBS, Singapore, 292-294
DIEKMANN, M 1997. The use of biotechnology for the safe movement of coconut germplasms. Paper presented at International Symposium on Coconut Biotechnology Merida, December 1-5 1997. 30
EEUWENS, C J 1976. Mineral requirements for growth and callus initiation of tissue explants excised from mature tissues in vitro. Physiolgia Plantarum 36. 23-28.
ENGELMANN, F 1997. Cryopreservation of coconut germplasms. Paper presented at International Symposium on Coconut Biotechnology held at Merida, Yuc. Mexico 1-5 December 1997 34.
ENGELMANN, F. 1998. Current state of the art and problems with in vitro culture of coconut embryos. In: Coconut embryo in vitro culture. (Eds. P A Batugal and F Engelmann) IPGRI, APO, Serdang 6-11
KARUN A; SHIVASHANKAR, S; SAJINI, KK & SAJI K V 1993. Field collection and in vitro germination of coconut embryos. J Plantation Crops 21 (Suppl) 291-294.
KARUN, A & SAJINI K K 1994a Short term storage of coconut embryos in sterile water. Current Science 67: 118-120
KARUN, A & SAJINI K K 1994b Coconut embryo culture: In vitro germination and ex vitro establishment. Paper presented at National Development in Plant Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, 29-31 Dec 1993 TNAU, Coimbatore, 23
KARUN, A & SAJINI, K K & IYER R D 1997. In vitro active conservation of coconut zygotic embryos. Journal of Plantation Crops 24 (Suppl) 586-593
KARUN, A; UPDHYAY, A & PARTHASSARATHY, VA 1998. Status of research on coconut embryo culture and acclimatization techniques in India. In: Coconut Embryo in Vitro Culture. (Eds. P A Batugal and F. Engelmann) IPGRI, APO, Serdang, 29-36.
KARUNARATNE, S 1988. Short term in vitro preservation of coconut seed material: A method to facilitate field collection and transport of coconut germplasm CORD 4, 40-47
KARUNARATNE, S, KURUKULARACHCHI, C & GAMAGE, C 1985. The culture of embryos of dwarf coconut. Cocos nucifera L. Var. Nana in vitro Cocos 3 1-8
KARUNARATNE, S; SUNIL, S & KOVOOR A 1991. An in vitro assay for drought-tolerant coconut germplasm. Euphytica. 53. 25-30
KENNEDY, M; TEMBO, S & MAREALLE, R 1998. Status of research on coconut embryo culture and acclimatization techniques in Tanzania. In: Coconut Embryo in Vitro Culture. (Eds. P A Batugal and F Engelmann) IPGRI, APO, Serdang, pp. 89-100.
KUMARAN, P M; KOSHY, P K; & KARUN, A. 1998 Germplasm exchange through embryo cultures. Proceedings of 7th Swadeshi Science Congress, 6-8 November 1997 held at CPCRI, Kasaragod, India 35-39
MOREL, G & WETMORE, R M 1951. Tissue culture of monocotyledons. Amer. J. Bot 38: 138-140
MURASHIGE, T & SKOOG, F 1962. A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue cultures. Physiol. Plant 15: 473-497
RILLO, E P 1998. PCA’s embryo culture technique in the mass production of Makapuno coconuts. In: Coconut Embryo in Vitro Culture. (Eds. P A Batugal and Engelmann, F) IPGRI, APO, Serdang, pp 69-78.
RILLO, E P & PALOMA, M B F 1989. Screening of coconut plantations for resistance to cadang-cadang using in vitro plants. Philippine Coconut Authority Annual Report 155-61.
RILLO, E P & PALOMA, M B F 1990. Comparison of three media formulations for in vitro culture of coconut embryos. Oleagineux 45(7) 319-323
RILLO, E P & PALOMA, M B F 1991 Storage and transport of zygotic embryos of Cocos nucifera L. for in vitro culture. Plant Genetics Resources Newsletter. 86 1-4
RILLO, E P & PALOMA, M B F 1992 In vitro culture of Makapuno coconut embryos. Coconuts Today. 9: 90-101
SOSSOU, J; KARUNARATNE, S & KOVOOR, A 1987. Collecting palm: In vitro explanting in the field. Plant Gen Res. News March 1987 7-18
TALAVERA, C; OROPEZA, C; CAHUE, A; COELLO, J & SANTAMARIA, J 1998. Status of research on coconut zygotic embryo culture and acclimatization techniques in Mexico. In: Coconut Embryo in Vitro Culture. (Eds. P A Batugal and F. Engelmann) IPGRI, APO, Serdang, 43-54
VERDEIL, J L; HOCHER, V; TRIQUES, K; LYAKURWA, R; RIVAL, A; DURAND-GASSELIN, T; ENGELMANN, F; SANGARE, A & HAMON, S 1998. Status of research on coconut embryo culture and acclimatization techniques in the IDEFOR (Cote d’Ivoire) and ORSTOM/CIRAD Laboratories (France) In: Coconut Embryo In Vitro Culture (Eds. P A Batugal and F Engelmann) IPGRI, APO, Serdang, 17-28
VIDHANAARACHCHI V R; WEERAKOON, L K; FERNANDO, S C; GAMAGE, C K A & SANTHA, E S 1998. Status of research on coconut embryo culture and acclimatization techniques in Sri Lanka. In: Coconut Embryo in Vitro Culture. (Eds. P A Batugal and F Engelmann) IPGRI, APO, Serdang, 85-88
Published
1999-06-01
How to Cite
M.K. Nair, & Anita Karun. (1999). COCONUT EMBRYO CULTURE: PRESENT STATUS AND FUTURE THRUST . CORD, 15(02), 34. https://doi.org/10.37833/cord.v15i02.328
Section
Articles
